Pace Work. 10D. 07.12.2020. Mathematics

Topic: Rate of return

Study the theory box:

What Is Rate of Return (RR)?

The  rate of return is a metric used in financial analysis to estimate the profitability of potential investments. The internal rate of return is a discount rate that makes the net present value (NPV) of all cash flows equal to zero in a discounted cash flow analysis. IRR calculations rely on the same formula as NPV does.

Formula and Calculation for IRR

The formula and calculation used to determine this figure is as follows.

\begin{aligned} &\text{0}=\text{NPV}=\sum_{t=1}^{T}\frac{C_t}{\left(1+IRR\right)^t}-C_0\\ &\textbf{where:}\\ &C_t=\text{Net cash inflow during the period t}\\ &C_0=\text{Total initial investment costs}\\ &IRR=\text{The internal rate of return}\\ &t=\text{The number of time periods}\\ \end{aligned}

To calculate IRR using the formula, one would set NPV equal to zero and solve for the discount rate, which is the IRR. However, because of the nature of the formula, IRR cannot be easily calculated analytically and therefore must instead be calculated either through trial-and-error or by using software programmed to calculate IRR. This can be done in Excel.1

Generally speaking, the higher an internal rate of return, the more desirable an investment is to undertake. IRR is uniform for investments of varying types and, as such, IRR can be used to rank multiple prospective investments or projects on a relatively even basis. In general, when comparing investment options whose other characteristics are similar, the investment with the highest IRR would probably be considered the best.

How to Calculate IRR in Excel

Using the IRR function in Excel makes calculating the IRR easy. Excel does all the necessary work for you, arriving at the discount rate you are seeking to find. All you need to do is combine your cash flows, including the initial outlay as well as subsequent inflows, with the IRR function.1 The IRR function can be found by clicking on the Formulas Insert (fx) icon.2

Here is a simple example of an IRR analysis with cash flows that are known and annually periodic (one year apart). Assume a company is assessing the profitability of Project X. Project X requires $250,000 in funding and is expected to generate $100,000 in after-tax cash flows the first year and grow by $50,000 for each of the next four years.

The initial investment is always negative because it represents an outflow. Each subsequent cash flow could be positive or negative, depending on the estimates of what the project delivers or requires as capital injection in the future. In this case, the IRR is 56.72%, which is quite high.

Keep in mind that the IRR is not the actual dollar value of the project. It is the annual return that makes the net present value equal to zero.

Excel also offers two other functions that can be used in IRR calculations, the XIRR and the MIRR. XIRR is used when the cash flow model does not exactly have annual periodic cash flows.3 The MIRR is a rate of return measure that also includes the integration of cost of capital as well as the risk-free rate.

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